In nature, adenoviruses can cause illnesses like the common cold. Viral vector vaccines use a modified adenovirus to deliver instructions on how to make spike protein. Once the cells have produced the spike protein, the mRNA is broken down. The mRNA in the vaccine tells your cells how to make spike protein, a protein found on the surface of the novel coronavirus. This allows the mRNA to effectively enter your cells. The mRNA is packaged within a protective shell called a lipid nanoparticle, which is essentially a tiny ball of fat. MRNA vaccines contain genetic material called RNA. Let’s take a look at how each of these vaccine technologies works. The only COVID-19 vaccines that are currently authorized for emergency use are mRNA vaccines and viral vector vaccines. This is because none of the COVID-19 vaccines contain live SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. While you may have seen posts on social media about COVID-19 vaccines shedding, this is a myth. Two examples of toxoids are those for tetanus and diphtheria, which are found in the: In this case, an immune response is generated to the harmful toxin produced by the pathogen, rather than against the pathogen itself. Toxoid vaccines are made up of an inactivated form of a toxin produced by some bacterial pathogens. The COVID-19 vaccines produced by Johnson and Johnson and AstraZeneca use an adenovirus vector. Viral vector vaccines use a modified virus to deliver instructions on how to make proteins associated with a pathogen in order to produce an immune response. The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines are mRNA vaccines. The mRNA in these vaccines instruct cells on how to make proteins associated with a pathogen in order to generate an immune response.
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